Cosmology:
History of the universe:
the Big Bang, Hubble's Law, expanding universe, nucleosynthesis,
Geometry of the universe:
open, closed, flat; the density parameter r (rho), deflection of light
Doppler effect, dark matter
Four fundamental forces:
electricity-magnetism, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, gravity
Stellar birth, death, and evolution:
pp chain, metallicity, stellar nucleosynthesis, metal production, H-R diagram, hydrostatic equilibrium
Planetary Systems:
collapse of molecular cloud, fragmentation, angular momentum conservation, formation of planetesimals and planets
Primitive Earth:
Conditions of primitive earth,
Source of primitive atmosphere:
primordial atmosphere, outgassing, collisions with planetesimals
Major geological eras, conditions for primitive life, radioactive dating
Origin of Life
28 monomers of life, definition of life,
4 models to explain the origin of life
special creation, spontaneous generation, panspermia, chemical evolution
Chemical evolution:
necessary conditions, origin of reducing atmosphere
(know which symbol means what)
doppler effect : delta lambda / lambda = v/c
Hubble's law: v = Hd
angular momentum: spin = mvr
energy: E = mc^2
Universe: whole body of things and phenomenon observed and postulated
universal clock: a way of measuring time that everyone in the universe can agree to
dark matter: non-luminous matter, which we can observe by their gravitational interaction with luminous matter
super Copernican principle: in addition to the Earth/Sun not being the center of the universe, even the material that we are made of (i.e. matter) is not the dominant material of the universe
dark energy: according to quantum mechanics, the energy density of vacuum
Anthropic principle: (weak) our presence as intelligent observers restrict the allowable conditions in the universe
hydrostatic equilibrium: a condition where the inward gravitational force is balanced by an outward pressure force
kill radius of supernova: the radius interior of which a supernova explosion would wipe away life
angular momentum: the amount of "spin" a given body has around either its axis or some external axis
TTauri star: pre-main sequence young stars with a large infra-red excess indicative of an accretion disk
radioactive dating: using the radioactive properties of certain isotopes to infer the age of the material
monomers: the basic units that make up all life on Earth, there are 28 monomers
panspermia: the idea that life on Earth originated elsewhere
entropy: a measure of the randomness of a system
evolution: a fight between disorder introduced by copying mistakes, cosmic rays etc. and order introduced by selection of the fittest.
I'm providing a bare-bones answer. Yours should be more detailed
1) What are some observations of the universe that are supported by the Anthropic principle?
(density of the universe, relative strengths of the strong force to the e-m force)
2) Describe the evolutionary pathway of a 2 solar mass star and draw the path on an HR diagram.
(proto-star --> main sequence --> red giant --> white dwarf)
3) What are the main constituents of interstellar dust grains?
(silicon, carbon, iron)
4) What wavelengths do interstellar dust particles scatter best and why?
(blue light, on the order of their size)
5) Why is the finding of molecules such as HCN and formaldehyde in the interstellar medium important?
(shows that the universe "knows" how to do organic chemistry)
6) How do we find these molecules, i.e. what property of these molecules allows us to observe them?
(rotational emission causes spectral lines)
7) Why are so many astronomical objects pancake shaped?
(collapse from spherical clouds, conservation of angular momentum flattens it into a disk)
8) Name three ways of getting rid of excess angular momentum
(fragmentation, ejection of material, friction)
9) Name three evidences for a Mars-sized object impact on earth during its formation
(composition of the moon, tilt in earth's spin axis, evaporation of primordial atmosphere)
10) Give some examples of processes that increase entropy
(dropping a vase, digesting dinner, expansion of the universe)
11) Give some examples of free energy. Why do we need free energy to form life?
(sunlight, geothermal energy. We need a source of energy to do chemistry in the early earth)
12) What are some ways to make the primitive earth atmosphere more reducing?
(volcanic gases, meteoritic material, oxidation of rocks)